Houseowners
Know what
Standard
Stands for
In the public mind “Standard” and Sanitation are synonymous terms. Whenever you specify “Standard” Porcelain Enameled Fixtures for Residence, Hotel or Apartment House you are assuring the owner that he will receive what he recognizes as the best in the way of sanitary equipment.
PITTSBURGH. PA., U. S. A.
Porcelain Enameled Sink, with Apron all around. Enameled Sink Legs with Wall Supports, Nickel-plated Strainer, Fuller adjustble Flange Bibbs and “p” Trap with Waste and Vent to Wall with or without Bibbs and Trap.
cubic metres of building timber and 4,622,- 908 cubic feet of fuel timber. Upper Alsace furnishes only 1,618,329 cubic feet of timber, of which 556,351 cubic feet are used for building purposes and 1,065,978 cubic feet for fuel. The timber is cut each year on the demesnial grounds and sold to the public. The mountains are never entirely denuded of timber over any large territory or area, and small strips are indicated for cutting by the authorities, and thick forests are frequently thinned out. All the underbrush and small branches are sold in bundles for fuel. Aside from the large amount of- timber furnished by the forests of Baden and Alsace-Lorraine, new timber is constantly being planted to supply the wants of future generations. The forests are provided with splendid drives and walks, making them at all times accessible to tourists. On Sundays the trains in Alsace- Lorraine and Baden are crowded with people from the cities and towns who spend the day in the forests.”
Strength of Soldered Joints. — The strength of soldered joints has been found in thesis tests recently made at the Iowa State College to be a very uncertain quantity, varying widely with the composition of the solder, with the method of making the joint, and with the kind of metals joined. It was found, says the Engineering Record, that the process known as “sweating” results in a joint of the least strength of any of the methods of soldering; all joints made with pressure were invariably found to be more or less granular or spongy, while those made without pressure are
usually smooth and firm. In comparing different compositions of solder, it was found that a solder of 60 per cent, of tin to 40 per cent, of lead was the most suitable for general work in which considerable mechanical strength is required, although the actual strength of the joint was found to depend upon the kinds of metals joined. In a series of joints made on brass and on copper with solders containing from 35 to 70 per cent, of tin, practically all of them broke at loads under 13,000 pounds per square inch. The maximum strengths on copper were obtained with 60 per cent, solders, the strength declining rapidly with higher percentages; this peculiarity on copper was believed to be due to the difficulty of maintaining the proper temperature in soldering, as with a slight excess of heat the extreme fluidity of the high percentage compositions of solder cause it to run out of the joint. With brass, on the other hand, the strength increases as the proportion of tin in the solder is increased. In further tests to determine the life of soldered joints under light loads, it was found that joints on brass have a longer life under a given load than those on copper. An interesting feature of the observations made in the tests is that the time taken to break a soldered joint is an important factor in the results secured. All joints will, after a short time, fail under a stress much less than that required to produce failure at
once; it was found in many instances that a decrease of 5 seconds in the total time of testing would increase the strength of the joint from 4,000 pounds to 5,000 pounds per square inch, the total time of testing being usually 20 to 25 seconds. The maximum strength obtained was 25,900 pounds per square inch, in the case of a joint on copper with a 60 per cent, solder the total time of testing having been shortened to 20 seconds.
COMPETITIONS
NEW COUNTY HALL.
Supplemental notes for addition to the conditions issued to competitors for designs for the New County Hall, London.
(a) Any further information required by competitors must be applied for to the Assessors and addressed to the County Hall, Spring Gardens, London, S. W., in the form of separate questions on or before Wednesday the 1st day of May, 1907, after which date no further questions can be considered.
(b) These questions which it is necessary to answer will be replied to, and the information supplied to all competitors; such replies will then form part of the conditions.
(c) For the immediate information of competitors, the scale for the Drawings for the Preliminary Competition has been definitely decided by the Council to be 16 feet to an inch; and in view of the possibility of most of the competitors having con
Know what
Standard
Stands for
In the public mind “Standard” and Sanitation are synonymous terms. Whenever you specify “Standard” Porcelain Enameled Fixtures for Residence, Hotel or Apartment House you are assuring the owner that he will receive what he recognizes as the best in the way of sanitary equipment.
PITTSBURGH. PA., U. S. A.
Porcelain Enameled Sink, with Apron all around. Enameled Sink Legs with Wall Supports, Nickel-plated Strainer, Fuller adjustble Flange Bibbs and “p” Trap with Waste and Vent to Wall with or without Bibbs and Trap.
cubic metres of building timber and 4,622,- 908 cubic feet of fuel timber. Upper Alsace furnishes only 1,618,329 cubic feet of timber, of which 556,351 cubic feet are used for building purposes and 1,065,978 cubic feet for fuel. The timber is cut each year on the demesnial grounds and sold to the public. The mountains are never entirely denuded of timber over any large territory or area, and small strips are indicated for cutting by the authorities, and thick forests are frequently thinned out. All the underbrush and small branches are sold in bundles for fuel. Aside from the large amount of- timber furnished by the forests of Baden and Alsace-Lorraine, new timber is constantly being planted to supply the wants of future generations. The forests are provided with splendid drives and walks, making them at all times accessible to tourists. On Sundays the trains in Alsace- Lorraine and Baden are crowded with people from the cities and towns who spend the day in the forests.”
Strength of Soldered Joints. — The strength of soldered joints has been found in thesis tests recently made at the Iowa State College to be a very uncertain quantity, varying widely with the composition of the solder, with the method of making the joint, and with the kind of metals joined. It was found, says the Engineering Record, that the process known as “sweating” results in a joint of the least strength of any of the methods of soldering; all joints made with pressure were invariably found to be more or less granular or spongy, while those made without pressure are
usually smooth and firm. In comparing different compositions of solder, it was found that a solder of 60 per cent, of tin to 40 per cent, of lead was the most suitable for general work in which considerable mechanical strength is required, although the actual strength of the joint was found to depend upon the kinds of metals joined. In a series of joints made on brass and on copper with solders containing from 35 to 70 per cent, of tin, practically all of them broke at loads under 13,000 pounds per square inch. The maximum strengths on copper were obtained with 60 per cent, solders, the strength declining rapidly with higher percentages; this peculiarity on copper was believed to be due to the difficulty of maintaining the proper temperature in soldering, as with a slight excess of heat the extreme fluidity of the high percentage compositions of solder cause it to run out of the joint. With brass, on the other hand, the strength increases as the proportion of tin in the solder is increased. In further tests to determine the life of soldered joints under light loads, it was found that joints on brass have a longer life under a given load than those on copper. An interesting feature of the observations made in the tests is that the time taken to break a soldered joint is an important factor in the results secured. All joints will, after a short time, fail under a stress much less than that required to produce failure at
once; it was found in many instances that a decrease of 5 seconds in the total time of testing would increase the strength of the joint from 4,000 pounds to 5,000 pounds per square inch, the total time of testing being usually 20 to 25 seconds. The maximum strength obtained was 25,900 pounds per square inch, in the case of a joint on copper with a 60 per cent, solder the total time of testing having been shortened to 20 seconds.
COMPETITIONS
NEW COUNTY HALL.
Supplemental notes for addition to the conditions issued to competitors for designs for the New County Hall, London.
(a) Any further information required by competitors must be applied for to the Assessors and addressed to the County Hall, Spring Gardens, London, S. W., in the form of separate questions on or before Wednesday the 1st day of May, 1907, after which date no further questions can be considered.
(b) These questions which it is necessary to answer will be replied to, and the information supplied to all competitors; such replies will then form part of the conditions.
(c) For the immediate information of competitors, the scale for the Drawings for the Preliminary Competition has been definitely decided by the Council to be 16 feet to an inch; and in view of the possibility of most of the competitors having con