The library of the king at Lisbon was founded in the fifteenth century by Alphonso V. At Madrid the royal library founded in 1712 by Philip V, the library of San Isidoro and that of San Fernando are important collections. The magnificent library of the Escurial dates back to the time of Charles V; Philip II incorporated in it the libraries of Fez and Morocco: it was
originally established in the monastery of San Lorenzo, and was partially destroyed by lightning in 1671.
In England and Germany the following collections merit a passing notice here. The library of York was founded by archbishop Egbert, and fell a prey to the flames in the reign of Stephen. At a later date the collection in the monastery of Saint Albans perished in the same way. In 1602 Sir Thomas Bodley opened the library at Oxford which still bears his name.1 The libraries of Munich (Figure 3), of Vienna,
Fig. 6. Interior View of the Library of the British Museum.
founded in 1430 by Maximilian, of Gottingen, Dresden and Stuttgart, of Berlin, founded by Frederick William, of Heidelberg, Leipzig, Frankfort and Hamburg are the most important German collections.
Sidonius Apollinaris, a writer in the fifth century, cites several libraries in Gaul, namely, those of Loup, a professor at Perigueux, of the consul Magnus at Narbonne, of Rurice,
1A description of the Bodleian Library may be found in the report addressed to the minister of public instruction by M. Pascal, sur les bibliotheques et les facultes de medicine en Angleterre, Paris, Ducher, 1884. See also Count de Labade, Paris, 1845.
bishop of Limoges, and the collection which Tonance Ferreol made in his house at Prusiane in Auvergne. Charlemagne founded the libraries of Ile-Barbe, near Lyons, and of Aix-lachapelle and Saint Gall. He ordered that the collection which he had made in his palace should be sold at his death for the benefit of the poor.
From the time of Charlemagne on, all monasteries and cathedral churches had their schools and libraries. The word
i
“ armarius ” was ordinarily employed to designate the librarian of such collections. He was required to take oath not to sell, pledge or even lend any of the volumes entrusted to his care. The books were often chained and were not lent unless secured by good and sufficient guarantees
The library of St. Victor was already known in the twelfth century; it was made public in 1652. In the thirteenth century the libraries of the Sainte-Chapelle, the Sorbonne, Saint- Martin-des-Champs, and Saint-Martin at Tournai, already comprised a considerable number of works. A single apartment was, however, generally sufficient for the storage of the entire library. Some collections were kept in chests, so that they were portable. Charles the Bold carried all his books
with him in his expeditions, which accounts for the fact that at the battles of Morat and Granson his manuscripts fell into the hands of the enemy.
In 1624 the old abbey of Sainte-Genevieve underwent a “ reform,” which called for the establishment of a library ; in 1670 the number of volumes collected necessitated the construction of special library quarters. For this purpose the second story of the abbey was remodelled on a cruciform plan, with the librarian’s office at the intersection of the two axes of
Fig. 5. Plan of the British Museum.
1. Peristyle.
2. Entrance and Gallery. 3. Court.
4. Sculptures.
5. New Library.
6. Lavatories.
7. Entrance to Reading-room. 8. Grenville Library. 9. Manuscripts.
10. Royal Library.
11. North Library. 12. Gallery.
13. Lodgings.
Fig. 7. Plan of the Congressional Library at Washington.
A. Offices.
B. Administration.
C. Valuable Manuscripts.
D. Storage Rooms. E. Reading Room.
F. Book Shelves, occupying I. Manuscripts.
G. Main Reading-room. H. Print Rooms, several stories.
Fig. 8. Plan of the Library of Stuttgart.
1. Librarian.
2. Manuscripts. 3. Binder.
4. Assistant Librarian. 5. Catalogues.
6. 7. Despatching Rooms.
8. Periodicals.
9. Reading-room.
10. Corridor. 11. Book-shelves.
originally established in the monastery of San Lorenzo, and was partially destroyed by lightning in 1671.
In England and Germany the following collections merit a passing notice here. The library of York was founded by archbishop Egbert, and fell a prey to the flames in the reign of Stephen. At a later date the collection in the monastery of Saint Albans perished in the same way. In 1602 Sir Thomas Bodley opened the library at Oxford which still bears his name.1 The libraries of Munich (Figure 3), of Vienna,
Fig. 6. Interior View of the Library of the British Museum.
founded in 1430 by Maximilian, of Gottingen, Dresden and Stuttgart, of Berlin, founded by Frederick William, of Heidelberg, Leipzig, Frankfort and Hamburg are the most important German collections.
Sidonius Apollinaris, a writer in the fifth century, cites several libraries in Gaul, namely, those of Loup, a professor at Perigueux, of the consul Magnus at Narbonne, of Rurice,
1A description of the Bodleian Library may be found in the report addressed to the minister of public instruction by M. Pascal, sur les bibliotheques et les facultes de medicine en Angleterre, Paris, Ducher, 1884. See also Count de Labade, Paris, 1845.
bishop of Limoges, and the collection which Tonance Ferreol made in his house at Prusiane in Auvergne. Charlemagne founded the libraries of Ile-Barbe, near Lyons, and of Aix-lachapelle and Saint Gall. He ordered that the collection which he had made in his palace should be sold at his death for the benefit of the poor.
From the time of Charlemagne on, all monasteries and cathedral churches had their schools and libraries. The word
i
“ armarius ” was ordinarily employed to designate the librarian of such collections. He was required to take oath not to sell, pledge or even lend any of the volumes entrusted to his care. The books were often chained and were not lent unless secured by good and sufficient guarantees
The library of St. Victor was already known in the twelfth century; it was made public in 1652. In the thirteenth century the libraries of the Sainte-Chapelle, the Sorbonne, Saint- Martin-des-Champs, and Saint-Martin at Tournai, already comprised a considerable number of works. A single apartment was, however, generally sufficient for the storage of the entire library. Some collections were kept in chests, so that they were portable. Charles the Bold carried all his books
with him in his expeditions, which accounts for the fact that at the battles of Morat and Granson his manuscripts fell into the hands of the enemy.
In 1624 the old abbey of Sainte-Genevieve underwent a “ reform,” which called for the establishment of a library ; in 1670 the number of volumes collected necessitated the construction of special library quarters. For this purpose the second story of the abbey was remodelled on a cruciform plan, with the librarian’s office at the intersection of the two axes of
Fig. 5. Plan of the British Museum.
1. Peristyle.
2. Entrance and Gallery. 3. Court.
4. Sculptures.
5. New Library.
6. Lavatories.
7. Entrance to Reading-room. 8. Grenville Library. 9. Manuscripts.
10. Royal Library.
11. North Library. 12. Gallery.
13. Lodgings.
Fig. 7. Plan of the Congressional Library at Washington.
A. Offices.
B. Administration.
C. Valuable Manuscripts.
D. Storage Rooms. E. Reading Room.
F. Book Shelves, occupying I. Manuscripts.
G. Main Reading-room. H. Print Rooms, several stories.
Fig. 8. Plan of the Library of Stuttgart.
1. Librarian.
2. Manuscripts. 3. Binder.
4. Assistant Librarian. 5. Catalogues.
6. 7. Despatching Rooms.
8. Periodicals.
9. Reading-room.
10. Corridor. 11. Book-shelves.