37
the cross. This rather ingenious arrangement made surveillance over all parts of the library practicable and easy.
It is not until the close of the seventeenth century that we find isolated structures suitably arranged for the reception of large collections of books. We give the plan of the library erected at Wolfenbiittel between 1706 and 1710 (Figure 4) ; it is the earliest building disposed as a library which still serves as a type for edifices of the kind. Its general arrangement was adopted by Gibbs for the Radcliffe library at Oxford. Messrs. Robert and Sidney Smirke, the architects of the great reading-room of the British Museum, followed the same disposition, although they simplified it, as is shown by our plan and view (Figures 5 and 6). The circular hall was also adopted by Mr. Smithmeyer, the architect of the Congressional Library at Washington (Figure 7).
Public libraries are numerous in England; M. Pascal, the architect of the National Library at Paris, has given an interesting description of them in his remarkable report addressed
to the Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts, concerning libraries and schools of medicine in England and Scotland.1
The Imperial Library at Vienna, completed in 1735, comprises three richly decorated halls; the central one is oval and covered with a dome.2 The library of Carlsruhe is in the form of a cross ; the reading-room occupies the centre and is surrounded by small rooms for the catalogues. The new library of Munich was constructed after the plans of Herr Gaertner; but it offers nothing of especial interest. There are modern libraries at Cologne, Stuttgart and Wolfenbiittel; the plans of
1 This report was published in the Revue g6n&rale de Varchitecture, Paris, 1884. 2 See the plan of this library, Vol. XXXI, No. 784, page 3.
the last two are given in Figures 8 and 9. We reproduce likewise an outline of Herr Oscar Ilossfeld’s scheme of a library at Berlin (Figure 10). This plan dates from 1875 ; it includes
a reading-room for the accommodation of four hundred or five hundred readers, shelf-room for two and a half million volumes, departments for maps and music, and a museum.
[To be continued.]
ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE FOR STUDENTS.3 —XIV.
LYDIA AND GREECE. CHRONOLOGICAL NOTES.
B. C.
Country invaded by Egyptians and Phoenicians 12th century. Lydian Empire founded 716 Alyattes, king, died
561 Croesus, king (son of Alyattes) 547 Invasion of Cyrus the Persian 545
GREECE.
Invasion of Darius, Battle of Marathon 490 Invasion of Xerxes, Battle of Salamis 480 Pericles, ruler at Athens 438 Invasion of Philip of Macedonia 340 Empire of Alexander the Great founded 332 Death of Alexander the Great 323
TTTHE early history of the Greeks, like the histories of the other early monarchies,
would be entirely lost to us, were it not for the recent discoveries which have brought to light matters of the utmost importance, explaining many otherwise hopeless problems as to the origins of their manners and customs and religions.
We learn that Greece had a history long
prior to the eighth century, b. c., when the various Pelasgic tribes occupying the country began to unite and form the nation we know of as the Greeks. There was an ancient race known as the Pelasgi, closely allied to the tomb-building Etruscans, but time has swept away all monuments of their existence above ground, and we have only tombs or treasury chambers beneath the surface, in which we may learn something about them, and where we find that the authors were a Turanian race.
As far back as the fifteenth century, B. c., there was an immigration of a warlike but temporary nature of Egyptians and Phoenicians, who, according to ancient historians, invaded the country of this their growing rival and established colonies among the inhabitants. In the twelfth century we learn the Greeks had a colony in Cyprus under the rulership of the Phoenicians. So that the fables of the later Greeks, who gave to the gods honor as their instructors, are swept away by the light of the knowledge of to-day, and it is easy to see the connection between the arts of Greece and Egypt, Assyria and Persia.
The chief city of the ancient Greeks or Lydians in Asia Minor was Mycence. One tomb has been known for many years which to
s Continued from No. 822, page 196.
Fig. 9. Plan of the New Library of Wolfenbiittel.
1. Vestibule.
2. Registration. 3. Librarian.
4. Manuscripts. 5. Bibles.
6. Available.
7. Periodicals.
8. Reading-room. 9. Courts.
10. Exposition Hall.
Fig. 10. Plan of tlie Berlin Library.
1. Vestibule.
2. Passageway.
3. Bo<»ks returned.
Catalogues. 4. Entrance.
5. Lavatories. 6. Attendants.
7. W. C.
8. Reading-room
Attendants.
9. Official Stairway. 10. Antechamber.
11. Private Room for Attendants.
12. New Books. 13. Periodicals.
14. 15. Librarian. 16, 17. Clerk.
18. Book Shelves. 19. Court. -
20. .Grand
Staircase.
21. Reading-room 22. Music. 23. Study. 24. Maps.
25. Terrace.
The Minerva of the Vati
can.
the cross. This rather ingenious arrangement made surveillance over all parts of the library practicable and easy.
It is not until the close of the seventeenth century that we find isolated structures suitably arranged for the reception of large collections of books. We give the plan of the library erected at Wolfenbiittel between 1706 and 1710 (Figure 4) ; it is the earliest building disposed as a library which still serves as a type for edifices of the kind. Its general arrangement was adopted by Gibbs for the Radcliffe library at Oxford. Messrs. Robert and Sidney Smirke, the architects of the great reading-room of the British Museum, followed the same disposition, although they simplified it, as is shown by our plan and view (Figures 5 and 6). The circular hall was also adopted by Mr. Smithmeyer, the architect of the Congressional Library at Washington (Figure 7).
Public libraries are numerous in England; M. Pascal, the architect of the National Library at Paris, has given an interesting description of them in his remarkable report addressed
to the Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts, concerning libraries and schools of medicine in England and Scotland.1
The Imperial Library at Vienna, completed in 1735, comprises three richly decorated halls; the central one is oval and covered with a dome.2 The library of Carlsruhe is in the form of a cross ; the reading-room occupies the centre and is surrounded by small rooms for the catalogues. The new library of Munich was constructed after the plans of Herr Gaertner; but it offers nothing of especial interest. There are modern libraries at Cologne, Stuttgart and Wolfenbiittel; the plans of
1 This report was published in the Revue g6n&rale de Varchitecture, Paris, 1884. 2 See the plan of this library, Vol. XXXI, No. 784, page 3.
the last two are given in Figures 8 and 9. We reproduce likewise an outline of Herr Oscar Ilossfeld’s scheme of a library at Berlin (Figure 10). This plan dates from 1875 ; it includes
a reading-room for the accommodation of four hundred or five hundred readers, shelf-room for two and a half million volumes, departments for maps and music, and a museum.
[To be continued.]
ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE FOR STUDENTS.3 —XIV.
LYDIA AND GREECE. CHRONOLOGICAL NOTES.
B. C.
Country invaded by Egyptians and Phoenicians 12th century. Lydian Empire founded 716 Alyattes, king, died
561 Croesus, king (son of Alyattes) 547 Invasion of Cyrus the Persian 545
GREECE.
Invasion of Darius, Battle of Marathon 490 Invasion of Xerxes, Battle of Salamis 480 Pericles, ruler at Athens 438 Invasion of Philip of Macedonia 340 Empire of Alexander the Great founded 332 Death of Alexander the Great 323
TTTHE early history of the Greeks, like the histories of the other early monarchies,
would be entirely lost to us, were it not for the recent discoveries which have brought to light matters of the utmost importance, explaining many otherwise hopeless problems as to the origins of their manners and customs and religions.
We learn that Greece had a history long
prior to the eighth century, b. c., when the various Pelasgic tribes occupying the country began to unite and form the nation we know of as the Greeks. There was an ancient race known as the Pelasgi, closely allied to the tomb-building Etruscans, but time has swept away all monuments of their existence above ground, and we have only tombs or treasury chambers beneath the surface, in which we may learn something about them, and where we find that the authors were a Turanian race.
As far back as the fifteenth century, B. c., there was an immigration of a warlike but temporary nature of Egyptians and Phoenicians, who, according to ancient historians, invaded the country of this their growing rival and established colonies among the inhabitants. In the twelfth century we learn the Greeks had a colony in Cyprus under the rulership of the Phoenicians. So that the fables of the later Greeks, who gave to the gods honor as their instructors, are swept away by the light of the knowledge of to-day, and it is easy to see the connection between the arts of Greece and Egypt, Assyria and Persia.
The chief city of the ancient Greeks or Lydians in Asia Minor was Mycence. One tomb has been known for many years which to
s Continued from No. 822, page 196.
Fig. 9. Plan of the New Library of Wolfenbiittel.
1. Vestibule.
2. Registration. 3. Librarian.
4. Manuscripts. 5. Bibles.
6. Available.
7. Periodicals.
8. Reading-room. 9. Courts.
10. Exposition Hall.
Fig. 10. Plan of tlie Berlin Library.
1. Vestibule.
2. Passageway.
3. Bo<»ks returned.
Catalogues. 4. Entrance.
5. Lavatories. 6. Attendants.
7. W. C.
8. Reading-room
Attendants.
9. Official Stairway. 10. Antechamber.
11. Private Room for Attendants.
12. New Books. 13. Periodicals.
14. 15. Librarian. 16, 17. Clerk.
18. Book Shelves. 19. Court. -
20. .Grand
Staircase.
21. Reading-room 22. Music. 23. Study. 24. Maps.
25. Terrace.
The Minerva of the Vati
can.