beautiful; they admit the light into these reading rooms, which are lighted in addition by vertical windows as may be seen by the illustration.
Some of our university establishments possess special collections. The same is true of English and German universities,
Fig. 26. Interior View of the Library at Birmingham.
the libraries of which are often rich in literary works of all kinds. Among such, recently founded, we cite those of the University of Vienna (Herr Ferstel, architect), of the Universities of Glasgow, Birmingham (Figure 26), Edinburgh
and Strasburg; the last replaces the municipal library, burned by the Germans in 1870. At Athens there is an edifice designed by MM. Schaubert and Hausen, which is used for University lectures on the groundfloor and for a library in the first story.
There are many municipal libraries in Franee ; cities which have recently constructed such edifices have combined in them both a museum and a library. Of these the following deserve notice ; the museum-library of Grenoble, designed by M. Charles Questel (Figure 27) ; the library and museum of the palace of Longchamps at Marseilles, by M. Esperandieu; the museum-library of Toulon by M. G. Allar (Figure 28); the museum-library of Havre; the library of Caen, etc.
The departmental archives also constitute interesting libraries ; their interior disposition cannot, however, differ
materially from that adopted for the public libraries. At Paris, the archives are installed in the old Hotel Soubise, in a
large hall constructed by M. Gillaume. At Bordeaux, they occupy a special building, the plan of which was furnished by M. Labbe (Figure 29).
The people of civilized countries are ready to sacrifice much for the maintenance of public libraries; Paris is not a stranger to this general impulse. In all quarters of the city there are municipal collections which are entirely free to the public. As an example of circulating libraries we 6ite particularly the Forney library which was only quite recently founded. Nor can we dismiss our subject without a reference to the collections in the great book-shops, the management of which demands the same precautionary measures that are adopted for public collections.
As a piece of furniture the library constitutes an integral part of every dwelling, in modest interiors, it is found in the form of a glass case of one or two sections ; among the wealthy from early times very elegant pieces of furniture for preserving books have been common. The section which we give of the library of the old convent of the Jesuits at Rheims (Figure 30) as well as the view of the Salle des Manuscrits at the National Library, show what an important part the furniture may play in the decoration of a private library. It will be noticed that the cases of these two halls are not closed; librarians generally consider this disposition preferable to any other; the books are less liable to deteriorate in the open air than when shut up in closed glass cases. The problem of furnishing the reading rooms of public libraries, which demand certain peculiar detailed arrangements, has been very well solved by M. Labrouste and M. Pascal. Nothing has been overlooked by them; tables and comfortable chairs enable the reader to endure long sittings without weariness, portable desks
Fig. 30. Library of the Jesuit Convent at Kheims.
for the books, sloping shelves to rest folios on, special tables for the large atlases, and so on, are provided.
We may say in closing that the general disposition of the public library embraces questions of the greatest interest; outside of those special problems the most practical solution of which is required, much scope is given for artistic treatment, a fact to which architects cannot give too much weight when planning a structure designed for the preservation of the productions of the mind.
INiile Gamut.
An Obnoxious Garbage Destructor. — Sixteen months ago the contract for disposing of the garbage of the city of Detroit was let to an outside firm. They immediately built works for destroying the refuse by what was declared to be a non-odorous process, but which has proved to be directly opposite The works were located in a good residence portion of the city, and thousands of citizens were inconvenienced by the horrible smells which emanated from the works. The odors were nauseating in the extreme, and hundreds of people were placed under physicians’ care as the result. People who rented houses moved away, people who owned property sold it at a great sacrifice, and the entire section of the city in which the smell reigned supreme was in a fair way to become depopulated. Citizens banded together and started injunction and damage suits, but the trials were delayed by the company until public sentiment became so incensed that even clergymen countenanced the forming of a mob to raze the obnoxious works. Colonel Sylvester Darned, one of the leaders of the local bar, has begun damage suit for §100,000, in consequence of the complete loss of health from living in proximity to the works, and several weeks ago led an onslaught oil the works in the court, to secure a perpetual injunction against their continuance. September 19th, the injunction was granted and took immediate effect. Citizens in the odorous vicinity celebrated their victory by speeches, bonfires and fireworks. — Chicago Inter-Ocean.
Fig. 28. Plan of the Museum-Library at Toulon.
1. Loggia.
2. Grand Staircase.
3. Gallery of Paintings. 4. Vestibule. 5. Library.
6. Gallery of Paintings. 7. Service.
8. Valuable Books. 9. Prints.
10. Water-colors.
Fig. 29. Plan of the Archives Building at Bordeaux.
1. Court. 3. Concierge. 5. New Documents. 7. Old Documents. 2. Vestibule. 4. Office. 6. Beading-room.
Some of our university establishments possess special collections. The same is true of English and German universities,
Fig. 26. Interior View of the Library at Birmingham.
the libraries of which are often rich in literary works of all kinds. Among such, recently founded, we cite those of the University of Vienna (Herr Ferstel, architect), of the Universities of Glasgow, Birmingham (Figure 26), Edinburgh
and Strasburg; the last replaces the municipal library, burned by the Germans in 1870. At Athens there is an edifice designed by MM. Schaubert and Hausen, which is used for University lectures on the groundfloor and for a library in the first story.
There are many municipal libraries in Franee ; cities which have recently constructed such edifices have combined in them both a museum and a library. Of these the following deserve notice ; the museum-library of Grenoble, designed by M. Charles Questel (Figure 27) ; the library and museum of the palace of Longchamps at Marseilles, by M. Esperandieu; the museum-library of Toulon by M. G. Allar (Figure 28); the museum-library of Havre; the library of Caen, etc.
The departmental archives also constitute interesting libraries ; their interior disposition cannot, however, differ
materially from that adopted for the public libraries. At Paris, the archives are installed in the old Hotel Soubise, in a
large hall constructed by M. Gillaume. At Bordeaux, they occupy a special building, the plan of which was furnished by M. Labbe (Figure 29).
The people of civilized countries are ready to sacrifice much for the maintenance of public libraries; Paris is not a stranger to this general impulse. In all quarters of the city there are municipal collections which are entirely free to the public. As an example of circulating libraries we 6ite particularly the Forney library which was only quite recently founded. Nor can we dismiss our subject without a reference to the collections in the great book-shops, the management of which demands the same precautionary measures that are adopted for public collections.
As a piece of furniture the library constitutes an integral part of every dwelling, in modest interiors, it is found in the form of a glass case of one or two sections ; among the wealthy from early times very elegant pieces of furniture for preserving books have been common. The section which we give of the library of the old convent of the Jesuits at Rheims (Figure 30) as well as the view of the Salle des Manuscrits at the National Library, show what an important part the furniture may play in the decoration of a private library. It will be noticed that the cases of these two halls are not closed; librarians generally consider this disposition preferable to any other; the books are less liable to deteriorate in the open air than when shut up in closed glass cases. The problem of furnishing the reading rooms of public libraries, which demand certain peculiar detailed arrangements, has been very well solved by M. Labrouste and M. Pascal. Nothing has been overlooked by them; tables and comfortable chairs enable the reader to endure long sittings without weariness, portable desks
Fig. 30. Library of the Jesuit Convent at Kheims.
for the books, sloping shelves to rest folios on, special tables for the large atlases, and so on, are provided.
We may say in closing that the general disposition of the public library embraces questions of the greatest interest; outside of those special problems the most practical solution of which is required, much scope is given for artistic treatment, a fact to which architects cannot give too much weight when planning a structure designed for the preservation of the productions of the mind.
INiile Gamut.
An Obnoxious Garbage Destructor. — Sixteen months ago the contract for disposing of the garbage of the city of Detroit was let to an outside firm. They immediately built works for destroying the refuse by what was declared to be a non-odorous process, but which has proved to be directly opposite The works were located in a good residence portion of the city, and thousands of citizens were inconvenienced by the horrible smells which emanated from the works. The odors were nauseating in the extreme, and hundreds of people were placed under physicians’ care as the result. People who rented houses moved away, people who owned property sold it at a great sacrifice, and the entire section of the city in which the smell reigned supreme was in a fair way to become depopulated. Citizens banded together and started injunction and damage suits, but the trials were delayed by the company until public sentiment became so incensed that even clergymen countenanced the forming of a mob to raze the obnoxious works. Colonel Sylvester Darned, one of the leaders of the local bar, has begun damage suit for §100,000, in consequence of the complete loss of health from living in proximity to the works, and several weeks ago led an onslaught oil the works in the court, to secure a perpetual injunction against their continuance. September 19th, the injunction was granted and took immediate effect. Citizens in the odorous vicinity celebrated their victory by speeches, bonfires and fireworks. — Chicago Inter-Ocean.
Fig. 28. Plan of the Museum-Library at Toulon.
1. Loggia.
2. Grand Staircase.
3. Gallery of Paintings. 4. Vestibule. 5. Library.
6. Gallery of Paintings. 7. Service.
8. Valuable Books. 9. Prints.
10. Water-colors.
Fig. 29. Plan of the Archives Building at Bordeaux.
1. Court. 3. Concierge. 5. New Documents. 7. Old Documents. 2. Vestibule. 4. Office. 6. Beading-room.