duced, at the moment of shock, reflex waves, which, by their interférence with those Corning up behind, neutralize some and augment the intensity öf others, resulting in concentrated shocks of great power.
“The maximum power of waves is a subject tliat has long beeil studied, without being positively settled. It is a very complex one, like that of the effect of wind oij structures. This power is undoubtedly very great, however, in certain cases. Thus, at the breakwater of the port of Wiek, on the northeastern coast of Scotland, a monolith of concrète weighing 1,350 tons was displaced in 1871, during a storm, and overturned on the supporting rock masses. In 1877, at the same breakwater, another monolith of 2,600 tons, that replaced the former, was also displaced. At the Cherbourg jetty in 1836, during a storm, blocks of stone weighing four tons were thrown into the sea below, and huge concrète block? vere moved twenty metres (sixty-six feet), some being completely overturned. During the building of the Dhuheartoch lighthouse in 1872 fourteen stone blocks weighing two tons each and locked together . . . were thrown into the sea from a height of fifty feet above its level. . . . Many other instances of this kind could be given.
“Starting from such facts, attempts have been made to calculate the power of the waves that displaced these masses, but the results have not been conclusive. Such calculations dépend on hypothèses regarding friction and the strength of cements, and on formulas of the strength of materials whose application appears to be doubtful in the case of such enormous forces.”
In 1842, the writer goes on to say, the English engineer, Thomas Stevenson, attempted to measure these forces with an instrument that he devised for the purpose, consisting of pistons acting on powerful springs. This was able, however, only to give the maximum pressure of a wave at a given moment and on a very small élément of surface. More recently, Captain Gaillard, of the United States Army, has constructed improved instruments with which he has measured both the static and the dynamic effects of waves, chiefly in Lake Superior. His conclusion is that the effect of a mass of water on a vertical wall is the same as that of a current of water with the same surface as that struck, having the speed of propagation of the wave plus that of the orbital motion of its par ticles. The writer suggests also that a careful measurement of the length, height, speed, and periodicity of waves would enable us to make a comparative table of their power, though this could not be given .absolutely in pounds or tons. Something like this is now being done by the French
Lighthouse Administration. Mr. Bounin goes on to say:
“We thus see how difficult it is to get at the power of waves exactly. Stevenson, at the conclusion of his numerous experiments, stated that the maximum pressure at Skerryvore lighthouse, Scotland, in violent tempests, was thirty tons to the square métré. . . .
“Mr. Quinette de Rochmont, Iuspector General of Roads and Bridges, in his work on maritime engineering, estimâtes that on the coast of France and Algeria the pres
sure is not over twenty tons. Waves producing pressure of fifteen to eighteen tons are rare, he says, and occur only on the rocky coasts of the Atlantic. He adds that when the wave breaks on a gentle slope its power would appear not to exceed eight to ten tons to the square métré. Finally, in most of our ports, damage to masonry structures may be caused by pressures of four to six tons. These figures, of course:, apply only to the case of direct shock, for in oblique shock, which is more frequent, the force of the water is much less.”
BUILDING NEWS.
(The e dit ors greatly desire to receive information from the smaller and outlying towns as well as from the larger cities.)
Allegheny, Pa.—The city administrators are said to be contemplating the issue of $500,000 bonds for erecting a city building.
Allentown, Pa.—The Allentown Portland Cernent Company has been incorporated with a capital of $2,000,000. The company will erect a Portland cernent plant six miles north of this city.
Altoona, Pa.—It is reported that the Board of Education is contemplating the érection of a $100,000 school building.
Atlanta, Ga.—Atlanta Athletic Club, it is stated, is arranging for the érection of clubhouse.
Plans are being prepared for the auditorium, church, and infirmary to be erected by .the Tabernack Realty Company. Cost, $150,000.
The Knights of Pythias, it is stated, are
ADVANΠIN INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE
Practically the only wear to which an interior is subjected is received by the floor. For this reason décorative treatment has hitherto been confined almost entirely to walls and ceiling. This architectural short - coming is completely covered since the introduction of
Pennsylvania Interloching Rubber Tiling
The infinite design-possibilities of this incomparable flooring material, the elegance and richness of its tones, colors and finish, together with its quality of being unaffected in appearance or condition by the longest and severest wear, combine to mark a new era in the scope of Interior Architecture.
ALL ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS should obtain our BOOK-OF-DESIGNS-IN-COLOR with complété data regarding PENNSYLVANIA RUBBER TILING.
Mailed on request.
PENNSYLVANIA RUBBER COMPANY IEANNETTE, PA.
NEW YORK 1741 BroadwayCHICAGO 1241 Michigan Ave.BOSTON 20 Park Square PHILADELPHIA 615 N. Broad St.
LONDON 4 Snow Hill
BUFFALO 117 Main St.
ATLANTA 102 N. Pryor St.
“The maximum power of waves is a subject tliat has long beeil studied, without being positively settled. It is a very complex one, like that of the effect of wind oij structures. This power is undoubtedly very great, however, in certain cases. Thus, at the breakwater of the port of Wiek, on the northeastern coast of Scotland, a monolith of concrète weighing 1,350 tons was displaced in 1871, during a storm, and overturned on the supporting rock masses. In 1877, at the same breakwater, another monolith of 2,600 tons, that replaced the former, was also displaced. At the Cherbourg jetty in 1836, during a storm, blocks of stone weighing four tons were thrown into the sea below, and huge concrète block? vere moved twenty metres (sixty-six feet), some being completely overturned. During the building of the Dhuheartoch lighthouse in 1872 fourteen stone blocks weighing two tons each and locked together . . . were thrown into the sea from a height of fifty feet above its level. . . . Many other instances of this kind could be given.
“Starting from such facts, attempts have been made to calculate the power of the waves that displaced these masses, but the results have not been conclusive. Such calculations dépend on hypothèses regarding friction and the strength of cements, and on formulas of the strength of materials whose application appears to be doubtful in the case of such enormous forces.”
In 1842, the writer goes on to say, the English engineer, Thomas Stevenson, attempted to measure these forces with an instrument that he devised for the purpose, consisting of pistons acting on powerful springs. This was able, however, only to give the maximum pressure of a wave at a given moment and on a very small élément of surface. More recently, Captain Gaillard, of the United States Army, has constructed improved instruments with which he has measured both the static and the dynamic effects of waves, chiefly in Lake Superior. His conclusion is that the effect of a mass of water on a vertical wall is the same as that of a current of water with the same surface as that struck, having the speed of propagation of the wave plus that of the orbital motion of its par ticles. The writer suggests also that a careful measurement of the length, height, speed, and periodicity of waves would enable us to make a comparative table of their power, though this could not be given .absolutely in pounds or tons. Something like this is now being done by the French
Lighthouse Administration. Mr. Bounin goes on to say:
“We thus see how difficult it is to get at the power of waves exactly. Stevenson, at the conclusion of his numerous experiments, stated that the maximum pressure at Skerryvore lighthouse, Scotland, in violent tempests, was thirty tons to the square métré. . . .
“Mr. Quinette de Rochmont, Iuspector General of Roads and Bridges, in his work on maritime engineering, estimâtes that on the coast of France and Algeria the pres
sure is not over twenty tons. Waves producing pressure of fifteen to eighteen tons are rare, he says, and occur only on the rocky coasts of the Atlantic. He adds that when the wave breaks on a gentle slope its power would appear not to exceed eight to ten tons to the square métré. Finally, in most of our ports, damage to masonry structures may be caused by pressures of four to six tons. These figures, of course:, apply only to the case of direct shock, for in oblique shock, which is more frequent, the force of the water is much less.”
BUILDING NEWS.
(The e dit ors greatly desire to receive information from the smaller and outlying towns as well as from the larger cities.)
Allegheny, Pa.—The city administrators are said to be contemplating the issue of $500,000 bonds for erecting a city building.
Allentown, Pa.—The Allentown Portland Cernent Company has been incorporated with a capital of $2,000,000. The company will erect a Portland cernent plant six miles north of this city.
Altoona, Pa.—It is reported that the Board of Education is contemplating the érection of a $100,000 school building.
Atlanta, Ga.—Atlanta Athletic Club, it is stated, is arranging for the érection of clubhouse.
Plans are being prepared for the auditorium, church, and infirmary to be erected by .the Tabernack Realty Company. Cost, $150,000.
The Knights of Pythias, it is stated, are
ADVANΠIN INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE
Practically the only wear to which an interior is subjected is received by the floor. For this reason décorative treatment has hitherto been confined almost entirely to walls and ceiling. This architectural short - coming is completely covered since the introduction of
Pennsylvania Interloching Rubber Tiling
The infinite design-possibilities of this incomparable flooring material, the elegance and richness of its tones, colors and finish, together with its quality of being unaffected in appearance or condition by the longest and severest wear, combine to mark a new era in the scope of Interior Architecture.
ALL ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS should obtain our BOOK-OF-DESIGNS-IN-COLOR with complété data regarding PENNSYLVANIA RUBBER TILING.
Mailed on request.
PENNSYLVANIA RUBBER COMPANY IEANNETTE, PA.
NEW YORK 1741 BroadwayCHICAGO 1241 Michigan Ave.BOSTON 20 Park Square PHILADELPHIA 615 N. Broad St.
LONDON 4 Snow Hill
BUFFALO 117 Main St.
ATLANTA 102 N. Pryor St.